Unsafe in the ivory tower: the sexual victimization of college women

Preface

1. The discovery of sexual victimization

Beyond real rape

Sexual victimization in context

The hidden figure of rape

Specially designed victimization surveys

Koss's Sexual Experiences Survey

What the sexual experiences survey (SES) measures

What did Koss find?

One in four : publicizing the rape epidemic

Two critiques

Gilbert : the dangers of advocacy research

Roiphe : the morning after

What's ahead

2. Beyond the culture wars : the measurement of sexual victimization

The National Crime Victimization Survey

How the NCVS measures victimization

The first step in measuring sexual victimization : the NCVS screen questions

The second step in measuring sexual victimization : the NCVS incident report

Measuring rape : completed, attempted, or threatened

Measuring sexual assault

Beyond the NCVS

Measuring sexual victimization : the next generation

The National Women's Study

Study design

Measuring forcible rape

Methodological lessons learned

The National Violence Against Women Survey

Study design

Measuring rape

Perpetrator report for rape

Classifying victimizations

Comparison of rape results

Stalking

The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study

Study design

Measuring sexual victimization

Measuring rape through the incident report

Revisiting the Koss-Gilbert debate

Answering "yes" to a behaviorally specific rape question

Answering "yes" to a non-rape screen question

Comparing two studies

Conclusion

3. The risk of rape : unsafe in the ivory tower?

Coming to college as a rape victim

Rape during the college years : Koss revisited

Sexual Experiences Survey

Studies using the SES

Results from Canada

Results from campus studies using other victimization measures

The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study

The extent of rape : is there a crisis?

The context of rape

Is college a risk factor?

Forms of rape

What rapes have in common

How rapes differ

The role of drugs and alcohol

Koss revisited

again

Harvard's college alcohol study

Kilpatrick et al.'s national study of drug-facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape

Conclusion

4. Beyond rape : the pervasiveness of sexual victimization

Moving beyond the study of rape

Categorizing sexual victimization

Type of contact

Degree of coercion

Degree of action

A framework for categorizing sexual victimization

Sexual coercion

Tactics

Measurement of sexual coercion

Extent of sexual coercion

Unwanted sexual contact

Measurement of unwanted sexual contact

Extent of unwanted sexual contact

Noncontact sexual abuse

Measurement of noncontact sexual abuse

Extent of noncontact verbal abuse

Extent of noncontact visual abuse

Noncontact abuse in students' everyday lives

Conclusion

5. It happened again : sexual revictimization

Crime revictimization

Extent of revictimization

Concentration of revictimization

Time course of revictimization

Crime-switch patterns

Sexual revictimization

Extent of sexual revictimization

Revictimization across developmental periods

Sexual revictimization among college women : the NCWSV Study

Sexual revictimization over time

Extent of sexual revictimization

Time course of sexual revictimization

Crime-switch patterns

Why does sexual revictimization occur?

Risk heterogeneity : routines/lifestyles matter

Event dependence : first incidents matter

Findings from the NCWSV Study

Explaining sexual victimization

Explaining revictimization

Conclusion

6. Victim secrets : acknowledging and reporting sexual victimization

Acknowledging victimization

Koss's Sexual Experiences Survey

The NCWSV Study

What do unacknowledged victims call it?

Consequences of acknowledgment

Beneficial effects

Harmful effects

Few effects

Factors related to acknowledgment

Individual factors

Situational factors

Reporting sexual victimization to the police

The importance of reporting

Why don't college women report sexual victimization?

Findings from the NCWSV Study

Findings from other studies on reporting

Reasons for reporting victimizations

Implications

Factors that influence reporting

Incident characteristics

Offender characteristics

Victim characteristics

Contextual characteristics

Reporting to other people : telling friends

Whom do victims tell?

Consequences of telling others

Conclusion

7. Being pursued : the stalking of female students

Opportunities for stalking

College student characteristics

The campus setting

Students' lifestyles and routine activities

Research on the extent of stalking

Studies of college students

Tjaden and Thoennes's National Violence Against Women Study

Measuring stalking in the NCWSV Study

The extent of stalking

The nature of stalking

Pursuing victims

Victim-stalker interaction

Who is at risk of being stalked?

How do victims react?

Actions taken by victims

Reporting stalking

Conclusion

8. Creating safe havens : preventing sexual victimization

Two themes

Beyond ideology : the importance of methodology

Hidden inequality : the cost of being a female student

Three approaches for preventing victimization

Conservative approach

Feminist approach

Legal approach

Opportunity-reduction approach : situational crime prevention

Situational crime prevention

Discourage offenders

Decrease target attractiveness

Increase capable guardianship

Preventing stalking

Conclusion

References

Index

About the authors.