Drawing: a contemporary approach

Preface

Part 1. Introduction to Drawing

Chapter 1. Drawing: Definitions and Purposes

Drawing Across Time and Culture

Some History of Drawing

Types of Drawings

Subjective and Objective Drawing

Informational Drawing

Schematic Drawing

Subject and Treatment

Conclusion

Chapter 2. Learning to See: Gesture and Other Beginning Line Exercises

Facture, Pochade, and Time

Gestural Line Drawing

Beginning to Draw

Types of Gestural Line Drawing

Line Gesture

Mass Gesture

Mass and Line Gesture

Scribbled Line Gesture

Sustained Gesture

Other Beginning Approaches

Continuous-Line Drawing

Organizational-Line Drawing

Contour-Line Drawing

Blind Contour-Line Drawing

Summary

Sketchbook Projects

Project 1. Gestural Line Drawings

Project 2. Continuous-Line and Organizational-Line Drawings

Project 3. Blind Contour Drawings

Project 4. Automatic Drawing

Part 2. Spatial Relationships of the Art Elements

Development of Spatial Response

Categories of Space

Twentieth-Century Innovations in Spatial Development

The Influence of Electronic Space

Emotive Space

Conclusion

Sketchbook Project

Project 1. Making a Space Folder

Chapter 3. Shape/Plane and Volume

Shape

Geometric and Organic Shapes

Implied Shape

Positive and Negative Shapes

Positive/Negative Interchange

Composite Shape

Silhouette

Problem 3.1. Geometric Shapes Used to Create Pattern

Problem 3.2. Geometric and Organic Shapes

Problem 3.3. Interchangeable Positive and Negative Shapes

Problem 3.4. Invented Negative Shapes

Problem 3.5. Composite Shape

The Shape of the Picture Plane

Problem 3.6 Shape of the Picture Plane

Shape as Plane and Volume

Problem 3.7. Shape as Plane and Volume

Problem 3.8. Planar Analysis

Problem 3.9. Modeling and Overlapping

Summary: Spatial Characteristics of Shape

Shape

Sketchbook Project

Project 1. Shaping the Composition to the Format

Computer Project

Project 1 Using a Computer to Determine and Modify Shapes/Experimenting with the Relationship between Positive and Negative Space

Chapter 4. Value

Definitions and Functions

Ways of Creating Value

Arbitrary Use of Value

Problem 4.1. Using Value Arbitrarily

Descriptive Uses of Value

Value Used to Describe Structure

Problem 4.2. Using Value to Describe Planes

Value Used to Describe Weight

Problem 4.3. Using Value to Describe Weight

Value Used to Describe Light

Problem 4.4. Value Reduction

Problem 4.5. Four Divisions of Value

Problem 4.6. Categories of Light

Problem 4.7. Tonal Drawings

Value Used to Describe Space

Problem 4.8. Using Value to Describe Space

Expressive Uses of Value

Problem 4.9. Value Reversal

Problem 4.10. Value Used Subjectively

Summary

Spatial Characteristics of Value

Sketchbook Projects

Project 1. Thumbnail Sketches

Project 2. Thumbnail Sketches Using Value Reduction

Computer Project

Project 1. Converting Color to Value

Chapter 5. Line

Introduction to Line

Determinants of Line Quality

Extended Contemporary Uses of Line

Types of Line

Contour Line

Problem 5.1. Slow Contour Line

Problem 5.2. Exaggerated Contour Line

Problem 5.3. Quick Contour Line

Problem 5.4. Cross-Contour Line

Problem 5.5. Contour with Tone

Mechanical Line

Problem 5.6. Using Mechanical Line

Structural Line

Problem 5.7. Using Structural Line

Lyrical Line

Problem 5.8. Using Lyrical Line

Constrictive, Aggressive Line

Problem 5.9. Using Constricted, Aggressive Line

Handwriting: Cursive and Calligraphic Line

Problem 5.10. Using Handwriting or Calligraphic Line

Implied Line

Problem 5.11. Using Implied Line

Blurred Line

Problem 5.12. Using Blurred Line

Whimsical Line

Problem 5.13. Using Whimsical Line

Summary

Spatial Characteristics of Line

Sketchbook Project

Project 1. The Cadavre Exquis (The Exquisite Corpse)

Computer Project

Project 1. Computer Drawing and Line Quality

Chapter 6. Texture

The Role of Texture in Contemporary Art

Pattern and Decoration

Object as New Genre

Categories of Texture

Actual Texture

Simulated Texture

Invented, Conventional, or Symbolic Texture

Problem 6.1. Using Actual Texture

Problem 6.2. Using Simulated Texture

Problem 6.3. Using Invented Texture

Problem 6.4. Using Conventional or Symbolic Texture

Contemporary Textures

Additive Materials to Create Texture

Problem 6.5. Using Papier Colle

Problem 6.6. Using Collage

Problem 6.7. Using Photomontage

Transferred Texture

Problem 6.8. Using Rubbing

Problem 6.9. Transfer from a Printed Source

Conclusion

Summary

Spatial Characteristics of Texture

Sketchbook Projects

Project 1. Identifying Textural Techniques Used in Depicting Water

Project 2. Transcribing Textural Techniques

Computer Project

Project 1. Creating Texture on the Computer

Chapter 7. Color

Functions of Color

Color Media

Problem 7.1. Using Color Media

Color Terminology

Problem 7.2. Using Local and Optical Color

Color Schemes

Problem 7.3. Using a Monochromatic Color Scheme

Problem 7.4. Using a Complementary Color Scheme

Warm and Cool Colors

Problem 7.5. Using Warm and Cool Colors

Problem 7.6. Using a Warm or Cool Color to Create a Color-Field Composition

Summary

Spatial Characteristics of Color

Sketchbook Project

Project 1. Using Color for Quick Landscape Sketches

Computer Project

Project 1. Using the Computer to Create Matisse Cutouts

Chapter 8. Antiperspective: The Triumph of the Picture Plane

Contemporary Challenges to Traditional Perspective

Antiperspective-The Flatbed Picture Plane and Superflat

Definitions and Guidelines

Eye Level and Baseline

Problem 8.1. Using Eye Level and Baselines

Aerial Perspective

Problem 8.2. Using Aerial Perspective

Linear Perspective

Using a See-Through Pane

Using a Viewer for Framing and Sighting

Problem 8.3. Locating Vanishing Points

One-Point Perspective

Problem 8.4. Using One-Point Perspective

Two-Point Perspective

Problem 8.5. Using Two-Point Perspective

Three-Point Perspective

Problem 8.6. Using Three-Point Perspective

Axonometric Perspective

Multiple Perspectives

Problem 8.7. Using Multiple Perspectives

Stacked Perspective

Problem 8.8. Using Stacked Perspective

Foreshortening

Problem 8.9. Using Foreshortening

Conclusion

Sketchbook Projects

Project 1. Invented Spatially Illusionistic Forms

Project 2. Employing Different Horizon Lines

Part 3. A Contemporary View

Chapter 9. Organizing the Picture Plane

Challenges to Traditional Compositional Approaches

Contemporary Treatment of the Picture Plane

Dominance of the Edge

Problem 9.1. Shaped Picture Planes

Problem 9.2. Confirming the Flatness of the Picture Plane

Continuous-Field Compositions

Problem 9.3. Continuous-Field Compositions

Arrangement of Images on the Picture Plane

Problem 9.4. Placing Images on the Picture Plane

Problem 9.5. Filling the Picture Plane

Division of the Picture Plane

Problem 9.6. Composing with a Grid

Problem 9.7. Dividing the Picture Plane

Problem 9.8. Using Inset Images

Problem 9.9. Using Linear Sequence

The Wall as Picture Plane

Conclusion

Sketchbook Projects

Project 1. Crowding the Picture Plane

Project 2. Attention to the Edge

Project 3. Divided Picture Plane

Computer Project

Project 1. Using Superimposed, Layered Images

Chapter 10. Thematic Development

Developing a Body of Related Work

Word and Image

Problem 10.1. Word and Image

Problem 10.2. Frames of Reference

Problem 10.3. Pages from an Altered Book

The Figure/Body Art/Portraiture

Problem 10.4. Alternate Self-Portrait

Problem 10.5. Self-Portrait in Different Styles

Problem 10.6. A Psychological Portrait

Appropriated Images

Problem 10.7. Appropriation-An Art History Homage

Problem 10.8. A Series of Opposites

Summary

Sketchbook Projects

Project 1. Visual and Verbal Descriptions

Project 2. Juxtaposition of Word and Image

Computer Project

Project 1. Transformation Using Computer-Generated Images

Chapter 11. A Look at Drawing Today

What's New in the Twenty-First Century

Contemporary Trends in Drawing

Influence of Outsider Art

Illustration-Based Narrative Drawing

Ornamental Embellishment

Neo-Romantic Drawing

Abstraction

Alternative Worlds

Subcultures into Art

Nostalgia

Drawings with Social and Political Themes

Hand-Drawn Animation

Drawings Made from Direct Observation

Conclusion

Useful Websites

Part 4. Practical Guides

Guide A. Materials

The Importance of Materials

Paper

Selected Papers for Drawing

Some Suggested Oriental Papers

Speciality Papers

Sketchbooks

Charcoal, Crayons, and Chalks

Pencils and Graphite Sticks

Erasers

Inks and Pens

Paint and Brushes

Other Materials

Nonart Implements

Guide B. Keeping a Sketchbook

Why Keep a Sketchbook?

Appropriate Subjects for a Sketchbook

Summary

Guide C. Breaking Artistic Blocks and Making Critical Assessments

Correcting the Problem Drawing

Questions Dealing with Form

Critical Assessment

Inconsistency of Style, Idea, or Feeling

Failure to Determine Basic Structure

Tendency to Ignore Negative Space

Inability to Develop Value Range and Transition

Failure to Observe Accurately

Getting Started

Guide D. Presentation

Some Contemporary Modes of Presentation

Acetate

Plastic Envelopes

Lamination

Dry Mounting

Matting

Materials for Matting

Instructions for Matting

Summary

Glossary

Suggested Readings

Index